“ayoras eo REDD, “DIREOTOR 


ee ro. : at eis 8” 
THE LIBRARY GF THE 
SEP pve ds ¢ 


THE USE OF VOTING MACHINES IN 
MICHIGAN 
JAMES K, POLLOCK, PH. D. 


The) Bureau, of Government is carried on in © 
_the Department, of Political Science for the pur- ..) 

oy pose of assisting public authorities and students 

ee | oe obtaining information concerning municipal 

moo ow bi Brteers..) Tt collects ‘and arranges, material, pubs: 

— . «xLishes reports on special topics and furnishes | ery 

tae format ion upon request. TAs uN: Mit 


r<, 


Nn La Oe 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 
ANN ARBOR 
BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT 


February 27, 193 
y2f, 1939 Re) 


wis? 


Exchange Division 
University of Illinois Library 
Urbana, Illinois 


Dear Sirs: 


I have your letter of February 22 acknowledg~ 
ing receipt of Michigan Governmental Studies No. l, 
The State Administrative Board in Michigan. This 
series takes the place of of our former New Series 
bulletins. are: 


ead 


We are requesting the University of Michigan 
abc to send you a copy of the supplement to 
New Series Bulletin No. 5, Sen Pee ene ve Reorgani z- 


a eee 


ation, 1936-1937, in accordance with your request. 


Very truly yours, 


Meastt. Cy, mr 


MTC/c Marie -T. Crist 


“ 


Batu 


26 Yard A 


ea) | THE LIGRARY OF THE 
sal SEP 26 1933 


THE USE OF VOTING MACHINES IN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


Michigan was one of the first states in the Union 
to authorize the use of voting machines, As early as 1993 
bre legislature passed an act permitting the use of machines, 
and from that time to the present they have been used in various 
parts of the state. In a number of cases during these thirty- 
three years, counties have returned to the use of paper ballots. 
On the other hand in the last few years several counties have 


introduced voting machines for the first time or restored them 


after having discarded them. Such recent changes indicate that 


the question of the use of voting machines in the state of Mich- 
igen is’not yet settled. 

Inasmuch as the question of the desirability of the 
use of voting machines is now under discussion in a number of 
the counties of the state, it has been thought useful to collect 
information which would show the extent to which machines are 
now being used. The information collected incidentally throws 
considerable light upon the state's experience with mechanical 


voting, 


Without stating the merits or demerits of machine voting, 


this survey only attempts to present the facts with reference to 


te 


the use of voting machines existing in the state at the present 
time, The cata was secured both by means of questionnaires and 


interviews, from the proper officials in the eighty-three coun- 
(1) 

ties of the state. 

(1) Mr. J. O. Peterson of Lansing High School gave me indispens 

able assistance in collecting the data from the counties. I 


eratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to him. I am also grateful 


to the county and citv officials throughout the state for their 
cooperation in making this survey possible. 


: aoa! “oe oH r 


ae oer * ¥ a? 
oe tet ay tan 


‘ et sens vas aba “th epatid doa eniser te a ny sit 4 
So. peso kieede te: oer see gxtt saeclateh te. aa seomec Sun fal 


a A 4 oe Rae 
oe, Se OL eeY ad Leper rood evan ya? ¥nseseq bat og ptt fer 
i. 69 PU RTE wes aoe 4a B BP age to vote 4 ane: ovata 


ek tOlLieS “eee So ste get of Samtitod gait anne "araw | Sn 


Sums ab perish! Patetes. vty vor vest bea rs : begat’ sees a i 
; ; : % ‘ a. 


we hort tan Sees. Fatt ess. 29g na biter ™ wey brs’: 


ifs $6. ailsl a. tar aD Bens Somer gctiov Jo sar I. gol 068% a 
pbs lttas days : ahs 

ett Stlidatéend. as ‘to raeriavrg acd es toomaeet.- a 4 
VG, ewes ST Li Robaanocll setae wer: et aoyt [osm gp iter * om 
yowtthisns 1.5 valpeitgrode gead esc +t blade Rac aed: | 


ern 7 


3 aes | cam getae oF totes -ect4 Oke Oe ow ves a eee 


Py.) |. Seog. fete abi ons pag: ‘eLiob tl Parxdtal ai? a or ie 


eavicge, Sektiee: 5 ef fx eh go oe rete ent ili sno, 


5 3 Fai ¥ By 

: \ 4 
Oe et 

Yai op on 2 a ee are 


| stain Fas a oF) 4 
Ae ? 


 itesagaeh cats Qa ale 
ee grea oo wie Sam 


Ve 


The following table shows the counties in which 
voting machines are now being used together with the number 
of machines in operation in each county in both cities and 


rural communities: 


County Number of machines Number of machines 


used in cities used in rural 


me | ee 


| communities 
Bay | 0 ! 40 | 40 
Kent : 90 | 0 | 90 
Muskegon | 24 | 0 | 24 
Saginaw | 50 | 0 | 50 
Washtenaw | 8 2 | 10 
I IAL 00 | | Na 
Total 172 42 214 


In the other 73 counties of the state machines are not 
now used, Some voting machines are used in the city of Detroit 
at the present time, but only for experimental purposes, 

From the replies received from the counties and cities 
of the state, with the exception of the city of Detroit, the 
voting machines used are giving satisfaction. The county clerk 
of Bay County writes: "The voting machine is successful in every 
way and I do not think our people would give it up., The machines 
are so easy to work and twenty minutes after the closing of the 
polls, a machine may be read and the result of that precinct known, 
If there is any question as to the result, the machine may be re- 
read in five minutes. They save the expense of lengthy recounts 
end there are many other reasons why they are a good thing for 


honest elections". There seems to be a thorough satisfaction with 


a, ie if gee 


ey i , “tothe mt ic : 


ay i pKa f 
ae toda sett ate souteyet ess 
Brae, ace ‘seitte stor aa stance ' 88 ce be 
t i 7 ' : ; iF #i ‘ | ae “ Vm os ae ee 


1% 
crags & ee at a siedant a “seashell wait one" 
Eovss ay “pk peay.. | poiste sitet mar 
(Bk RAO ii 


ane iene — pte a 4 


t ae ae 


Pre eck Tae 


* 


o® 
’ she 
ae BE ' 


[Ss 

Y 

r 

= 

Ge 

s 

2 
a ee EO SM oe ‘ - ‘eine oe ie me oe 
; ~~ “ 2 - 1 Qa 
, 


H 

‘ 

{ 

J 

: 

‘ 

4 

: 

x 

4 

‘ 

4 

, 

' 

: 

‘ 

! . 

< : : 
s 2 f Tien . | | 


‘ : qa 3 : re a 
» 


4 : : 
ens see Sere ae = ee 

ae 

a 4 


~R ro a 
mc 9 tos i, 
ea "iol . >. 
ae ; ay + Bs 
A Cis > 4: “ ‘ 
Na ‘ea om hil eH 


ie ie R fae : at . P at. cen : 
Pou? ee ee kage ae? pes +o O02 fat 02 re ‘ae te tg i e 


hy f : ¥ : . “i _ , 

oP Ba Mete ctt auth ed bee sen becubs oats waltov net. | 

h ‘ a ae eases sary fiat antome8 Wks mF vine. tod (ORES nt 
ie ae : i 
= Bier ct ssid ee sohiuune with) aw pov iene woiliges aay L agins | 


Dee 


ae ty 
7 ae “git ‘ebtestos % ti 6 omit +0 iw igri ona seen: Bs 
Bh Ke pout 9 ig oa age toate: end masvh: 2, one ae 8 pam 


e nis 


ot 


es ie ae 
: - M 9805: a a onl raityhto Sal r tees 
ei ovan Date odcowd) ame wanes 
pny (rion b 


“a eine a2 


+ 


seh ae 


\ 
voting machines in the city of Grand Rapids, In Iuskegon County 
the machines are proving popular. "They do not speed up the 
voting,” according to one official, "but they make the returns 
muci cuicker than the Australian ballot system. They are ex- 
hensive so they really do not save the county any money, but they 
are accurave™, In Washtenaw County, although there is some dis- 


satisfaction with the type of machine used, they are being used 


ae, 
U 


With success, The Clerk of Saginaw county writes: "The voting 
machines are very satisfactory. The returns from the city are 
usualiy in ard complete before word is received from the first 
rural district. I believe they will be used more extensively 

in the county in the future on account of the speed in receiving 
returns and:also on account of accuracy". The attitude of the 


City Election Commission in Detroit can best be shown by quoting 


Tm 


ailevper Peceived Trom 0.) BE. Distin, ‘the Chief Superviser of the 


7 


Commission. lr. Distin savs: 


‘In the first place, we do not and’have not used voting 
machines in Detroit, except experimentally. With our long non- 
partisan ballot and so many camMidates elected from the city at 
Lerse, there have been no voting machines devised that would sat- 

sfactorily handle our primaries, and the shift from an Aus- 
tralian ballot at Primaries to the machine voting at election 
would be both expensive and confusing." 


"he only voting machine we have discovered that seems 
realiv adaptable to the requirements is the horizontal type of 
machine manufactured by the Automatic Register Company, of James- 
town, Y.Y. In our original tests with this machine, there were 
many savanagihake found wanting, but in their latest type, they have 
overcome many of these objections, and I believe for a moderate 
sizea city this type of machine would vork out all right, but you 
will find that none of the really large cities are voting mech- 
anrically si cubven in NEw York, where a legislative act requires the 
use of voting machines, New York City still uses the paper ballot, 

and we have been vk OE ea by three of our mid-west and western 
cities, where voting ma chines were at one time in use, to take 
the Peciiiaes off their hands, as they had discontinued using them." 


i oe ne 


Meee ee ote Ws ok 
ig Pica s 


aa ‘ 
' oe A xy ti 
‘ : i : z 
‘< 7 i} ry >": 
ve mine whe ens - ii ak 
Pete Bee La on Cet 
: \“ re ce f (i: 
eur *% * > v7 
‘ ‘ae y : i 4 
J = A’ ‘ 7% 
a} ‘ a Leen oe t ey es 
‘ : . 5 . ‘ , : “a0 ‘ ¥ 
i" * it ; i ae J m 


DESH sds taper es 
eats aoascteici ity ROSEN SNE 
e ct ge sone itis ob. nme | 
erie See asi li, avid: tee Lie tho ‘wate ost pet hee | i oe i 
1) =e one xed “amets sre Po diand ‘sah Last aus ont: att a 


yore sen peony ca: 0 eri? “ern or of Aphisos ‘coat gene 


: oa ath aca ad “etait giveth bid nD eared aa wt ae te He | if 
' ; ay, ri) a 
\ 4 sya nth a b tad rte i; 4 ‘lige ie ‘wea? naan $w. ee: ane r ane eek Sorell “ 


| ae get LOW. 9 49%: eae vio ‘wart Res te atte 20 ont ths nsaua. 
J \ "4 = my 
7 i Lady — sb ses ane 


f : c : : aah ; , f ) 
t ems ‘eo ow mow Sees ont: . yegoTaotes gaa ‘roan © 08 | aetts: 


‘ Sacth: ait wot Buyk boo oh AW erates weg 204 bee HE oe 
| y . - ’ ‘ ata 
: Lowi sixes ican eps ac Sitw worth evel ited: i ebitated: 

in ; : ona tee ! ‘a / 


wpe ass iol it Sends oh To diuveeee oe ai ninchual iit, rs usc 0090 
ey ( eae cll oT OT yo eee ke. Tae oDe Lie onde oo 


bi 


a 


mipetus aie wd eae. Seo: pet-t LOM TET tr  eenhee inne seston 
an) iitagtt Pret meena! eoand amt ~odterd bs Q dont: Saitoh sorted 
ee a 2 TN i ee Je ae faves ne te lge tte need 


Bia Hing ph Ag xs Briss 
Aas: Ose Re a <i tit SVe" OR oom eb an jeaeia. goxkt out: ag” a 
tines ee : $580) errr Eat: whinge: coe ome. gthorer, st, | 
ar oe 1 Fiat: stg Tt Ae oe Ry: egtabl in ea yen ep die @etiind nae 
an eS ; ae pre Bis. Bhs wD SRM helt ca} er hor Or eet oven predh, hey 
eee od ea wort Medea wh. tare ooh selag me SERA: ubhae te 
as, io Bees issod » 3 OW fa Sdowe ent) od ‘vedwantet. Fas tod Lad Pe a 
yas F At Ree PE sr . ba AY? ee neces tie Wiad in Bey 
dis Use ait, teravooe th era ow on) due ark? EC's 
© MME Ae bev pa te datros swolt et 8) etneueni yore ian et Cea 
+ “agit hor ea wD ket met gitasoduk ed gt hoauten tr 
d, OW oc meth pin er iat « eteed Demi at to: aye of 
Bins CMe ge a: o W Teotas, sto 2 pod ge Me OLE 8 
UO. Jadencgbcat 2) Rot arontod Lite ond da6gcy eaeot 
4 (0%, aD Sy he Bue Aga Skspe we Sank! same GOOF 
ants Uae Tow! gin panes a ‘saad eae, ee 
er 7 ott, ib: bigeye eee 4 Rie eee a ee ate 


“7 


ads. 


ime claim that returns mey be canvassed much more ctickly 


Vito a@ maciine vote is true, but so far as we have.been able to 
Cetevinine, efter an exhaustive study and visiting various places 
vrere machines are used, this is really the onlv point of advan- 
tage that can be ettributed to mechanical voting. As for the 
claims that machires eliminate abuses, reduce expenses and save 
vine at the polls, these claims are not borne out by fact.” 


‘To ecuip Detroit with voting machines would cost over 
tnres-cuarters o million dollars, Figuring depreciation over 
the actives. 


~ A 
S105 
ife of the machines, the slight saving in election 
officiais, printing of baliots, ballot boxes, etc., would be 

more then offset by the cost of the machines for a ten-year 

perioc, with their up-keep, storage in rust-proof vaults, ex- 
,perienced mechanics for. overlauling and their maintenance and 


meet | 
ie or ca May l 
KASS Tor saving bine at polls, it is a demonstrable fact 


Giwe coax bah 600 veopie in a precinct with paper ballots in 
6 chan - the machine method, While the machine can vote 


3 fd 
OD 


u 

3 

ingle ballo t geaste than the paper ballot may be marked, one 

t consider oe ve is but a single machine to the ordinary sized 

cinct, and we have from six to twelve voting compartments in 

a so that, six to twelve persons are voting simultaneously 

LEU wone (persons vVotine, ata time on) the machine, «We also 

i the board must be continually poe veue Lhe machine voters, 
first instance, and even in cities where they have been 

r some time, women are timid about pulling the lever until 

ive called on one of the election board members to be gure 

d switened the proper levers, and this is aise true in dis-° 

tricts where there is a large percentages of foreign-born citizens," 


, ‘In regard to the elimination of abuses, while undoubtedly 
a fire niece of mechanism, we have failed to find anv mechanical 
contrivance yvet that would not get out of order occasionally. I 
have found several instances in ew Yor: State towns where this 
has hannened, and if a machine goes out of commission’ during the 
day when voting is in progress it causes quite a stir. There are 
several supreme court cases brovght about for this reason, And it 
is not so difficult to manipulate one of these machines, especially 
in the case of the instructed voters.” 


"However, we do find some of the smaller cities seem well 
satisfied with their voting machines. Rochester and Buffalo, as 
well as some of our ifichigan cities appear to be satisfied with 
the results obtained, but I cannot see where even these enthusiasts 
ean show & saving, figuring depreciation, a reduction of abuses or 
errors, nor quicker voting, with one machine to a precinct, To 
have more than one machine to the average precinct would make nae 
cost almost prohibitive. Ohio has passed a law prohibiting the 
use of voting : machines 'in the State", 


_ 


ravicly and with ereater ease than the paper ballot method, but 
that is the principal advantage, sofar as we have been able to 


+ -4- 


firure it out" 


We will grent that the returns may be compiled much more 


ib 


Pe es ono iiss. Seeannnes Rookies | 
‘! a ERY Raat AAR, ow ae eT oe abl 1s 
Sago lg eek oe TRAY fiche ar Bartha: pif d 
AE DR EOL O. TREO) ee eouitens af ebits AS oi 
We; 6c SERS eh Soe Oe tg Lamb tadirigy atc Ok: pet otha 200-7. nr) 
yes? ee aaeee 2cx8 sohet 4 eoaedn ots rtRE LO PHTES CATE SO 
NP OBY NE FAG, SLOT RO ER, ae AS a: ma, s ee a 9 


< 


lea? On Ae ag Bhs Ww ger kas 45 ex gait ir Ce a Tye a £198 U ie 
mre salah @ MNS Yat al ate peek oot vend Hie 3 Hea 6 meh pte.) path 

Py csi pata et wolwee! heat Bia ig ay 3 Mr Ei ede i ct ae 

aa Sie RTA A ie Sond Peltier sOvoiLs 20 xe 7 t ri 2 oe NS a 
% z eH msg. “ “Ets és ae. ne eas DY rere se atl heehee y eds. we re eet « we Bay 


Veo 


1 , RT line Marea i 3 sal re ib Meee 
‘ Ce! ELLY TONGS BRA eda (Se eliet es CROg SH Pag 
‘ Di Beoke Swe Fig ae Tee Ra Bee Senmtea we tox.) Boks Falct * yd 
= 7: 4 4, f ¥ , 
3 2a ys pos 
oe - n q ‘ i & i 
i vont widsot) Saeed Aol St. palsog Te OMIT Ark se ee aay 
‘ ¢ ’ 

: , i ate spears a) Sees aaa bie |) oe Ou Se PR eed 

°C o> Os vores ebm EN rind Ori k STM TS: Pe OMR: UUs Tae, Se 


) 
i266. SB or icoaty Sas BLL oot vek: @rott CGA. Gale. Fg | 
“meee CRS 88: BE Bet SOTA. oO GRE Fe ft copes GP pied 9: 
hota Wen ro aed ae ‘gugttert ofaiia aid. eh, Oras, ” | 
a a? Aden i sghes pibitow sy lewd. oF ehe ome ovat! pings Dh git 
ae 4:5 ‘oe: peek Nia PU Cr: Ses ple 9 oo or Lowt. er whee ee 
‘wal sien Oke ote) pe Gkd a) PA a eee HO Bae th ‘sri0 


, ¥ . + 4 : vale 
r ‘ee ; ny . pe ti ther et, ? + eer ray ct ped ‘ zs c. ae Peo ; ers ; q mt Tye! Pts hy met o" 
‘eh * ahi MEPL pat ts HOt S Birne| or ay eh a a was y if +a 
ie ia hy m nee wit ra Lang $570'6 Y. * febe pepe on ee , Oas a dare a tae . 


; ; r srodada Saeed cody solo. oft Fe S46 Ness) Sol £0 AES 
cet) coined coffe Oh mete has. -arewad Loy try edt DBRS te. 


t we Re ae 1 het lade Me 
oh Gade LT FO iene LOR OR Ray HER LBOREY: IMG £8 aL oo q i te Bi 
A ae be hee. Qin et teow . Weel ie Re 3 A 3 one Xi $2 To ‘ord bed - sein by fi ty | 

) hee | SRE a Reo i at ist evar. ow hele: oer, $4) obae | 

Se TR oe ete Rid Be ove Pa) hat nb ee at pars: he airanl 
Pe RLS RT: OT,  ahate’ ro. wel fot qlee ‘etent Lom we é hus 
Se at oR eg ane Peleg Tones Bao, Sebi omer Meals Data Ponee 


2 aN Xt 5 ahem ” Le ‘y Othe: Rie dk FMD oa} trees oa oe an bate pai 
j ed Fits “meaact eit rod. teode demo? . a senna TH0o- een | 
eg is See: ene t ngs ames Yo Leko pier 1 Sehen pay BLroki Eh d oe, a4 
| st aes A GA 2 ool is EO Y. we Viarrts th tes ‘tg one 
£- : eg “ae 
ORL O 250 Oa Gets t si ag cinehe st te: satver i’ yt OR. ih bal viele 
Se epee iy We Peas Come 4 ak betes. nek ov mend ct tid 6 
PRY ir yh fe “at Te eS. SSStEne iat Le OREN 4, RUN gs © 
eet us Pemtte y BME: Jove’ oudaly “abe Wakink a "hut « bom atte ea, fa 
be he pg re. bape! pid: had eee na pe ys Peek ype aon see 
. Siw etiktoy Bah elbe-h 
“pas. c: fh i aig Seapets wien, ws a3 bod oh Brest rust 


fhe civy of Lansing used voting machines in the Spring 
elecsion of 1926, but the proposition of purchasing fifty ‘machines 
when submitted to the voters was defeated, even though the ex- 
perience of the city with machines. appears to have been satis- 

The early voting machines used in Iiichigan did not seem 
to be Very Successitul. The city of B Amse'in the Upper Peninsula 
used the voting machine in 1898 for; only one year. ‘Twelve years 
azo in Alpena county machines were used but they were not satis- 
factory and after two elections were discarded. In Baraga county 
tiey were used’ in Loos for a short. time. .The clerk of ‘Barry 
county gives the information that although there are "no voting 
machines in this county, we have several political machines". The 
Citv of Battle Creek has not used machines for eighteen years. 
About twenty years ago the city of Paw Paw discontinued using 
them and later Hillsdale, Monroe, Flint, Kalamazoo and more recent- 
ly Owosso, gave them up. In Flint, voting machines were used for 
five years prior to 1916, but no machines are now in use in that 
city. In Washtenaw county machines have been in use since 1907 
anc in Bay county sinee 1908. The improved voting machines which 
are proving successful in some of the counties have been installed 
rather recently: in Grand Rapids, in 1922; in Muskegon in 1923; 
and in Saginaw in 1924, 

In the rural counties of Michigan there is little or no 
agitation for the purchase of voting machines, In these counties 


the vote is so small that it would hardly be practical for them to 


ete. ; Wi ain Aor Re nck tae 

“a t r J. 

Vaanh oe oe i ne 
oa ie ¥ “ey i 


Zz y 5 * "’ 
, ' ’ 
+ atsege¢s baltane atiw eer 
i re by » ‘s vA 
: 3 « ~ tc 
a 7 > . 
al 
= / ? 4 Z : P j : 
~ 7 a - - . . 4 = z % 2 2 cert ¥ 
; vee 2¢6 Bi) xsabtot?t “at bee. ansitem@t 2btov yieemes,) | 
i i H 7 ‘va My ; 
: ap PMR SG Och alo eethese fo yin a Peet eeapewe 
a ‘ 7 2 7 ~ 
bt] a 2 > " 5 
‘ = is ? ay yf P i¢ co) ae are ka} La * r C Tee eG “or “asd 
« 
q Ne 
rez Arce: ete vas vz oe os) (uses Pian see 
| Ser) Ieee 2k nt , Peer rs ) emep 2hoite ode oy  2erse 
° 2 Ve] as 
i TI is eat rg ; 4of mt Beer 
. 
3 
ert - ¢ ; 1 ~<" S ¢ 
yall 3 y , ‘2 2 2 - 3 5 { i > rT S 
. eae t Ts 5 . 4 >? 2 : , P “ rs 3418 + 
7 4 
; °F « al "ie * ll saat 
+ SERRE 6% iO Yo? Onas Hook Jee it Gert. .se tt aie 
: ees | f aeih wart ) uf Ct,” 38% ae 
7 “"; } ' or “* of. 5 eee > ft 
Defies? SI O18 ch Ranake Me Ts » so « BL BORi 53 ey zi 
. e he — = 4. 5 ‘ 
g E * we * ms c = re iat = 
TOT: Some oeic y Soin gee ARES OY ,7Ais. El. ya ake, See 


. 


=p dat)! sents “i Hs od sigh ihe bi ho ee Ibzyt,) 2 


oe ition wiInee Ye ; nay at shy 


incur the expense necessary to install machines, The repiies 
from several counties, particularly from Clare, Kalkaska and 


Otseso, make this clear, 


¢ Robes yi 


Poilor ki gi. 


Department of Political Science. 


* pi 


it visegnen a Sa 


te 
‘ 
Fa 


a * " 
feos stl— pBeri coe nse 


’ 


‘ ‘ 4 r 
; ; " J ‘ sage “¢ 
; vee BOS LBS bar 6°. af gore ¥, po. ae 
» 2 P: > . 


{ ™, *E 
. rn pre By 7 
ari ‘i S- r a, 
\ee = é 7 
oh i 
i X 

- ak: ¢ 

¥ * s" Hos 
. - =, 
e - . 

at + 
. 40a ao) & —" 7 b 
. 
* 
* 
A 
: 
~ 
- 
P 5 
- : “ : 
- 
i 
J] * 4 
; 1 
: Py 
. r f 
: , 
; 4 


; 
y 
cts 
vy i 
4 . é 
‘ f 
- ; es, 
| 
fa.* ; 
* ay an 
reel oS 
he i i] 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF GOVERDEMENT 


Hoyt, Josephine, (Bulletin No. 1) Per Capita General 
Property Taxation. in MichipanyCities of ‘over 
BP sOOO MODULA tTLOn, VLase < 


Riedout, Lyda, (Bulletin No.2) Municipal News in 
betroit Newspaners, July, 192d. 


cugsestions for the Preparation of Term Reports on 
rroblems of Municipal Government. (Bulletin 
Hours) 


Upson, L. D., :A Syllabus of Municipal Administration. 


Gabriel, Lewis M., Zoning Ordinanees in ifichigan 
Cities: Use Regulation. (Bulletin No. 4) 


